gentzen

12/28/20

Russell's Paradox.

1/9/09

Help with Subset Derivations [Short form example]

There is a shorter and quicker proof using rewrite rules. Ordinarily there is a lot of messing around with instantiating quantifiers, renaming bound variables, etc.. Rewrite rules avoid much of this (and so we can concentrate on Set Theory). You might want to remind yourself of Rewrite Rules and its video.

1/9/09

Help with Subset Derivations [Long form example]

This is a long proof using axioms. There is a shorter and quicker way using rewrite rules.

8/11/26

There is the notion that whenever an element is a member of one set then it is also a member of a second set. When this occurs the first set is said to be a subset of the second, and this is denoted by the symbol '⊂' . There is an axiom covering this

(x⊂y) ≡(∀z)(zεx⊃zεy)     Axiom of Subsets

In English this says, 'x is a subset of y if, and only if, All z, if z is a member of x then z is also a member of y' .

12/27/20

Order and Ordered pairs

Thus far nothing we have done has order in it. We are definitely going to need the notion order, both for mathematics and everything else. In mathematics, on a simple two dimensional graph the point with x=1 and y=2 is not the same as the point with x=2 and y=1. In the world at large John being taller than Jane is not the same as Jane being taller than John. Set theory is going to need an approach to order.

12/15/20

With two sets, say x and y, there are various ways they can be put together.

There is the union of the two sets, symbolized with ∪, which the set formed when elements are members of one set or the other

zε(x∪y) ≡ (zεx∨zεy)      Axiom of Union

zε(x∪y) :: (zεx∨zεy)       Union Rewrite

There is the intersection of the two sets, symbolized with ∩, which the set formed when elements are members of one set and the other

10/11/26

Possible background reading:

Halmos, Paul R. [1960] Naive Set Theory (this is the standard text for this kind of material)
Sowa, John F. [2000] Knowledge Representation pp.98-103
Keene G.B. [1974] Formal Set Theory
Wikipedia Naive Set Theory

12/23/20

Tutorial 5: Number Theory II

Formal Number Theory. Just more theorems for you.

Recall

Formal Number Theory has five proper symbols {=,',+, .,0} and six proper axioms

(∀x)(∀y)(x'=y'⊃x=y),
(∀x)~(x'=0),
(∀x)(x+0=x),
(∀x)(∀y)(x+y'=(x+y)'),
(∀x)(x.0=0),
(∀x)(∀y)(x.y'=x.y+x)

And the axiom (metalanguage) schema of induction. If φ[n] is any formula in the object language with free variable n then

(φ[0]∧(∀n)(φ[n]⊃φ[n'])) ⊃ (∀n)φ[n]

12/23/20

Tutorial 4: Number Theory 1

The logic we are mainly occupied with here is first-order logic (sometimes called first order predicate calculus (with functional terms and identity)). A case can be made that it is the main, or the one true, logic. Sowa writes: